Electromagnetic probes, methods for fabricating thereof, and systems which use such electromagnetic probes

ABSTRACT

An electromagnetic (EM) probe for monitoring one or more biological tissues. The EM probe comprises a cup shaped cavity having an opening and an interior volume, a circumferential flange formed substantially around the cup shaped cavity, in proximity to the opening, at least one layer of a material, for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, applied over at least one of a portion of the circumferential flange and a portion of the outer surface of the cup shaped cavity, and at least one EM radiation element which performs at least one of emitting and capturing EM radiation via the interior volume.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Phase of PCT Patent Application No.PCT/IL2011/050003 having International filing date of Nov. 3, 2011,which claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §119(e) of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/409,565 filed on Nov. 3, 2010. Thecontents of the above applications are all incorporated by reference asif fully set forth herein in their entirety.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to anelectromagnetic EM probe and, more particularly, but not exclusively, toan EM probe for transmission and/or reception of electromagneticradiation and a method of generating the EM probe.

EM radiation, such as RF and MW radiation, is potentially useful meansof monitoring and diagnosing body tissues. The dielectric properties ofthe tissues may be a basis of detecting various pathologies andphysiological trends.

Examples for using RF and MW radiation for monitoring and diagnosingbody tissues is found, inter alia, in International patent applicationpub. No WO 2010/100649, International patent application pub. No WO2009/031150, and/or International patent application pub. No2009/031149, which are incorporated herein by reference.The design and fabrication of such EM probes present various challenges.

During the last years, various EM probes have been developed. Forexample U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,479 describes a Microwave Hematoma Detectorwhich is a non-invasive device designed to detect and localize bloodpooling and clots near the outer surface of the body. While being gearedtowards finding subdural and epidural hematomas, the device can be usedto detect blood pooling anywhere near the surface of the body. Modifiedversions of the device can also detect pneumothorax, organ hemorrhage,atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries, evaluate perfusion(blood flow) at or near the body surface, body tissue damage at or nearthe surface (especially for burn assessment) and be used in a number ofNDE applications. The device is based on low power pulsed microwavetechnology combined with a specialized antenna, signalprocessing/recognition algorithms and a disposable cap worn by thepatient which will facilitate accurate mapping of the brain and properfunction of the instrument. The invention may be used for rapid,non-invasive detection of subdural or epidural hematoma in human oranimal patients, detection of hemorrhage within approximately 5 cm ofthe outer surface anywhere on a patient's body.

Another example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,824 which describesan EM probe for examining tissue in order to differentiate it from othertissue according to the dielectric properties of the examined tissue areprovided. The EM probe includes an inner conductor, having a pluralityof sharp, thin, conductive spikes, at a proximal end with respect to atissue for examination, the plurality of sharp, thin, conductive spikesbeing operative to enhance the electrical fringe fields, whereinteraction with the tissue for examination occurs.

Another example is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,591,792 which describes:a tissue sensors house for one or more sensor elements. Each element hasa housing mounted substrate and a superstrate with a planar antennabetween. A transitional periphery (TP) of a superstrate outer surfaceinterconnects a base to a plateau. At least some of the TP has agenerally smooth transition. Plural elements are spaced by the housing.Alternately, the superstrate TP is flat, the housing extends to theouter superstrate surface and a shield surrounds the element. Thehousing is flush with or recessed below the superstrate and defines a TPbetween the housing and superstrate. A method converts a referencesignal to complex form; plots it in a complex plane as a reference point(RP); converts a measurement signal to complex form; plots it in thecomplex plane as a measurement point (MP); determine a complex distancebetween the MP and the RP; and compares complex distance to a threshold.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to some embodiments of the present invention there is providedan electromagnetic (EM) probe for monitoring at least one biologicaltissue. The EM probe comprises a cup shaped cavity having an opening andan interior volume, a circumferential flange formed substantially aroundthe cup shaped cavity, in proximity to the opening, at least one layerof a material, for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, applied over atleast one of a portion of the circumferential flange and a portion ofthe outer surface of the cup shaped cavity, and at least one EMradiation element which performs at least one of emitting and capturingEM radiation via the interior volume.

Optionally, the at least one layer covers at least the edge of thebottom surface of the circumferential flange.

Optionally, the portion of the at least one layer covers at least 25% ofthe bottom surface of the circumferential flange.

Optionally, at least part of the circumferential flange is set to bedetachably connected to the cup shaped cavity.

More optionally, the circumferential flange is set to be affixed to amonitored user so as to allow detachably connecting the cup shapedcavity thereto, in a manner that the opening faces a skin area of themonitored user.

Optionally, the at least one EM radiation element is placed in theinterior volume.

Optionally, the at least one EM radiation element is placed outside ofthe interior volume and connected by a waveguide to the cup shapedcavity.

Optionally, the circumferential flange and cup shaped cavity are moldedas a single unit.

Optionally, the at least one layer is applied over at least one of abottom side of the circumferential flange and a top side of thecircumferential flange.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is non continuous.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is at least partly flexible.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is at least partly rigid.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is zigzagged along a planeparallel to the opening.

Optionally, the EM probe further comprises a processing unit,electrically connected to the emitting element, which performs at leastone of controlling a transmission parameter of the emitted EM radiationand monitoring a biological tissue according to the captured EMradiation.

Optionally, the distance between the peripheral outer edge and theperipheral inner edge of the circumferential flange is at least 0.3centimeters.

Optionally, the cup shaped cavity having a structure shape selected froma group consisting of: a box, a cube, a dome, a cone, and a pyramid.

Optionally, the EM radiation is reflected from a biological medium beingin touch with the edges of the opening.

Optionally, the EM radiation is emitted by another EM radiation source,via a biological medium being substantially in front of the opening.

Optionally, the EM radiation source is another EM probe as defined inclaim 1.

Optionally, the interior volume is filled with a dielectric substance.

Optionally, the EM probe is fabricated by a printed circuit board (PCB)fabrication method.

Optionally, the EM radiation is selected from a group consisting ofradiofrequency (RF) radiation and microwave (MW) radiation.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is a non circular circumferentialflange.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is at least partly inside the cupshaped cavity.

Optionally, the circumferential flange is configured to form an airtightinterface with a skin area of a patient, the airtight interface set toattach the EM probe to a skin area of a patient by air pressuredifferences.

Optionally, the EM probe is an intrabody probe.

According to some embodiments of the present invention there is provideda method of producing an electromagnetic (EM) probe for monitoring atleast one biological tissue. The method comprises providing a cup shapedcavity having an opening and an interior volume, forming acircumferential flange substantially around the cup shaped cavity,applying at least one layer of a material for absorbing electromagneticradiation over at least one of a portion of the circumferential flangeand a portion of the outer surface of the cup shaped cavity, placing anemitting element configured for at least one of emitting and capturingEM radiation, and electrically connecting the emitting element to atleast one of an EM receiver and an EM transmitter.

According to some embodiments of the present invention there is provideda method of monitoring at least one biological tissue. The methodcomprises providing a probe having a cup shaped cavity having an openingand an interior volume, a circumferential flange formed substantiallyaround the cup shaped cavity, in proximity to the opening, at least onelayer of a material, for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, appliedover at least one of a portion of the circumferential flange and aportion of the outer surface of the cup shaped cavity, and at least oneEM radiation element which performs at least one of emitting andcapturing EM radiation via the interior volume and attaching the probeto a monitored user in a manner that the opening faces a skin area ofthe monitored user.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplarymethods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, thepatent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition,the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are notintended to be necessarily limiting.

Implementation of the method and/or system of embodiments of theinvention can involve performing or completing selected tasks manually,automatically, or a combination thereof. Moreover, according to actualinstrumentation and equipment of embodiments of the method and/or systemof the invention, several selected tasks could be implemented byhardware, by software or by firmware or by a combination thereof usingan operating system.

For example, hardware for performing selected tasks according toembodiments of the invention could be implemented as a chip or acircuit. As software, selected tasks according to embodiments of theinvention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructionsbeing executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In anexemplary embodiment of the invention, one or more tasks according toexemplary embodiments of method and/or system as described herein areperformed by a data processor, such as a computing platform forexecuting a plurality of instructions. Optionally, the data processorincludes a volatile memory for storing instructions and/or data and/or anon-volatile storage, for example, a magnetic hard-disk and/or removablemedia, for storing instructions and/or data. Optionally, a networkconnection is provided as well. A display and/or a user input devicesuch as a keyboard or mouse are optionally provided as well.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specificreference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that theparticulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrativediscussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, thedescription taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled inthe art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional illustration of an electromagnetic (EM)radiation EM probe for monitoring at least one biological tissue,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a circumferentialflange, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a circumferentialflange, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3B is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a circumferentialflange, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a zigzaggedcircumferential flange, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a cup shaped cavitywith inner walls covered by one or more layers of absorbing materials,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional illustration of an EM probe formonitoring at least one biological tissue having a dome shaped cavity,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic illustrations of an EM probe having an EMelement placed outside of the interior volume of a cup shaped cavity,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional illustration of a wearable device havingan EM probe for monitoring at least one biological tissue, according tosome embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a sectional schematic illustration of a system for monitoringa biological tissue(s) by an analysis of passing through signals,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B which are a sectional schematic illustration and athree dimensional illustration of a printed circuit board (PCB) EM probehaving a fabricated cup shaped cavity, according to some embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C are images of surface current density in an EMprobe without a layer of absorbing material, in an EM probe with a layerof absorbing material, and in an EM probe with a layer of absorbingmaterial covering the bottom side only of a circumferential flange,according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 12A and 12B and 12C are images of H-field distribution in an EMprobe without a layer of absorbing material, in an EM probe with a layerof absorbing material, and in an EM probe with a layer of absorbingmaterial covering the bottom side only of a circumferential flange,according to some embodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 13A and 13B and 13C are images of E-field distribution in an EMprobe without a layer of absorbing material, in an EM probe with a layerof absorbing material, and in an EM probe with a layer of absorbingmaterial covering the bottom side only of a circumferential flange,according to some embodiments of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to anelectromagnetic EM probe and, more particularly, but not exclusively, toan EM probe for transmission and/or reception of electromagneticradiation and a method of generating the EM probe.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there isprovided an electromagnetic (EM) probe for monitoring dielectricproperties in one or more biological tissues using a cup shaped cavitywhich is coated with one or more layers of absorbent material and has acircumferential flange. The cup shaped cavity houses an element forradiating and/or capturing EM radiation and has a single opening for thepassage of the EM radiation. In such a manner, the cup shaped cavityforms a closed interference reduced volume when the opening is placed ontop of or above a skin area of a monitored user. Such an EM probe isless sensitive to changes in the skin in an area outside thecircumference of the EM probe, for example more than 2 cm, or more than4 cm, and/or to changes which are introduced when the EM probe is beingtouched and/or changes which are related to the mechanical interfacingand/or coupling of the EM probe to the skin.

The circumferential flange is set to reduce the sensitivity to noisefrom the proximity of the EM probe, for example from external EMtransmission sources, such as, for example, cellular phones, thusimproving the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and therefore on the qualityof reception. Moreover, the circumferential flange and the absorbinglayers prevent from at least some of the EM transmissions to make theirway to the external surface of the EM probe. In such a manner, theamount of escaped signals which add noise to the external environmentmay be reduced. It may reduce currents escaping or penetrating the EMprobe to/from the external side of the EM probe or exposed bodysurfaces. Such currents may be conducted on the skin, or externalconductive parts of the EM probe, like its cavity and/or conductingelements, such as cables. Such currents may, for example, be induced bycurrents related to a transmitting EM probe, or its connected cables,onto the conductive parts, or proximate skin area, of a receiving EMprobe, via conduction or induction, resulting in parasitic crosstalkbetween them. The circumferential flange may be placed on the edge ofthe opening or attached to the external walls of the cup shape cavityfew millimeters above the opening.

The circumferential flange may be a bendable flange and/or a flexibleflange which is adjusted to be closely attached to the skin surface of amonitored user. Optionally the flange is also set to assist inprevention of entry of fluid and/or water and/or perspiration into thearea under the EM probe. Optionally, the flange is set to enable anairtight interface of the EM probe to the skin area, enabling attachmentby air pressure differences of the EM probe, and/or increasing theeffectiveness of the isolation functionality of the flange by improvingthe mechanical coupling of the flange to the skin area. For example byuse of another layer, for example a sub millimeter layer of siliconmaterial, covering the bottom side of the flange. The circumferentialflange may be zigzagged, jagged, and/or curved to extend the path ofsignals passing therethrough.

The absorbing material may cover external walls of the cup shapedcavity, the circumferential flange or any portion thereof, and/or aportion of the internal walls of the cup shaped cavity. A layer ofabsorbing material may be placed on the lower side of thecircumferential flange so as to be in contact with the monitored skinarea.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the EM probe isa printed circuit board (PCB) EM probe fabricated in known fabricationtechniques.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, itis to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in itsapplication to the details of construction and the arrangement of thecomponents and/or methods set forth in the following description and/orillustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The invention iscapable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out invarious ways.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic sectionalillustration of an electromagnetic (EM) radiation EM probe 100 formonitoring at least one biological tissue, according to some embodimentsof the present invention. The EM probe 100 includes a cup shaped cavity103 having an opening 110 and an interior volume 102. As FIG. 1 depictsa section illustration, the depicted broken line represents the diameterof the opening 110. The outer surface of the cup shaped cavity 103,namely the external sides of the cup shaped cavity 103 which do not facethe interior volume 102 are covered with one or more layers 104 of amaterial for absorbing EM radiation. The one or more layers 104 are setto absorb electric fields and/or magnetic fields.

For example regarding the complex permittivity of the absorbing materialat a frequency of about 1 Ghz, ∈′ is between 2 and 60 typically around30 and ∈″ is between 1 and 30 typically 5 and regarding the complexpermeability of the absorbing material, μ′ is between 1 and 30 typically20 and μ″ is between 2 and 30 typically 6 to 15. The cup shaped cavity103, which may be referred to as a cavity is made of a conductivematerial. The absorbing material may be any material that dissipates EMenergy, for example Eccosorb® MCS, GDS and BSR, which the specificationsthereof are incorporated herein by reference. Optionally, the thicknessof the one or more layers 104 is between about 0.1 millimeters (mm) andabout 10 cm.

Optionally, the height of the cup shaped cavity 103 is between about 0.5millimeters (mm) and about 10 cm. Optionally, the width of the opening110 of the cup shaped cavity 103 is between about 0.5 millimeters (mm)and about 20 centimeters.

Optionally, the opening width is set according to the transmitted and/orreceived frequency and/or the size or configuration of the EMelement(s).

Optionally, the cup shaped cavity 103 comprises a plurality of chamberswherein in each chamber contains a different EM element, such as the EMelement 101. The plurality of EM elements can also be used inside asingle non-divided or partly chambered cavity.

The one or more layers 104 are applied, for example laminated, on thecup shaped cavity 103 and/or molded as cup sized and shaped to engulfthe cup shaped cavity 103 without blocking the opening 110. The cupshaped cavity 103 is optionally shaped to have a cubical outline, acylindrical outline, a dome outline, a pyramid outline, or a conicaloutline, each having an open base set for being in direct or indirect(for example, via intermediate substance) contact with a skin tissue ofa monitored, diagnosed EM probed, and/or monitored user. Optionally, thecup shaped cavity 103 is made of a conductive material, such as metal.Optionally and respectively the one or more layers 104 has a respectiveoutline.

Optionally, the one or more layers 104 are extended to increase thesurface area of absorbing material which is found above the spacebetween the skin area above a monitored intrabody target area and the EMprobe 100.

The EM probe 100 further includes one or more emitting and/or receivingelements 101 which are placed in the interior volume 102. Optionally,the EM radiation is radio frequency (RF) radiation and/or microwave (MW)radiation for example from a few 100 MHz's up to a few GHz. The emittingand/or receiving elements 101 are connected, by conducting element(s)301, such as cables, for example coaxial cables, and/or waveguides, forexample metal tubes used to carry microwave and/or RF energy with littleloss of power, to external means for generating and/or analyzing EMsignals, as further described below. The conducting element(s) 301 maybe connected to the emitting and/or receiving elements 101 via anaperture in the lateral walls of the cup shaped cavity 103 and/or anaperture in the top wall of the cup shaped cavity 103, for example asshown in FIG. 2. As used herein, an emitting and/or receiving elementmeans a transducer, an antenna, for example a bowtie antenna, anultra-wide band (UWB) antenna, a micro strip antenna, a slot fedantenna, a dipole antenna, a patch antenna, and a spiral elementantenna, a feedhorn and/or a tip of a waveguide which delivers and/orcollects EM radiation. For example, in FIG. 1, an antenna is connectedvia a coaxial cable 301 to an external means for generating and/oranalyzing EM signals (not shown).

Optionally, the interior volume 102 remains empty and therefore filledwith air when being used. Optionally, the interior volume 102 is filledwith a dielectric substance having a relatively high dielectriccoefficient, for example about 10, such as Rogers R3010. Optionally, thedielectric substance has a dielectric coefficient which relativelymatches the dielectric coefficient of body tissues or any matchingmaterial in-between. In such a manner, dielectric discontinuity isreduced and the efficiency of the transmission of the emitting element101 and the sensitivity of the EM receiving element 101 is increased.Optionally, a layer of dielectric material, elastic, shape preserving orother, or a composition of different materials, such as a gel with orwithout dielectric increasing agents, for example metal oxides orfluids, and is applied between the EM probe and the skin area 201.Optionally separating the layer of dielectric material and the skin is alayer of a biocompatible material.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic sectionalillustration of an EM probe 100 for monitoring at least one biologicaltissue, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The EMprobe 100 is similar to the one depicted in FIG. 1, however it furtherincludes a circumferential flange 105 that is attached to the cup shapedcavity 103, in proximity to the opening 110, for example few millimetersabove the opening edge, as shown in FIG. 2 or on the same plane of theopening edge, as depicted in FIG. 3.

The circumferential flange 105 is placed around the opening 110,optionally so as to be parallel to a skin area 201 in proximity to amonitored, EM probed, and/or diagnosed tissue(s) of a monitored user inproximity to the skin area 201 about implanted antenna. Thecircumferential flange 105 is made of a conductive material, such asmetal. The circumferential flange 105, which is optionally anon-circular or circular metal ring, surrounds the opening and iselectrically coupled, for example galvanically connected, to the cupshaped cavity 103. Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 is anintegral part of the cup shaped cavity 103. For example thecircumferential flange 105 is a portion of the cup shaped cavity 103that is bended to be substantially in parallel or in parallel to theskin area of a monitored, EM probed, and/or diagnosed tissue(s) of amonitored user.

It should be noted that the EM probe 100 may be part of an intrabodyimplant, such as a subdermal implant. In such an embodiment, the EMprobe 100 is sized and shaped to be placed between the tissues. In suchan embodiment, the opening 110 may directly face a fat layer or a musclelayer. In such embodiments, the aforementioned structure of the EM probe100 reduces currents that may develop on the tissue surface.

Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 is placed so that in use, thelower part thereof is in touch with or in a close proximity to the skinarea 201, for example as shown at FIG. 3, or for instance via a cloth(i.e. a shirt, pants). Optionally, at least a portion of thecircumferential flange 105 is covered by one or more layers of absorbingmaterials 106 which are in touch with or in a close proximity to theskin area 201. Generally and especially in the case where the EM probeis on top of a cloth, a construction similar to FIG. 3B can be used (atleast the area marked with 95 is filled with air only). In this case,pressure is applied to the EM probe 100, for example by use of a cheststrap, pushing it towards the body. The pressure applied on the depictedconstruction concentrates on the circumferential flange 105 and servesto improve mechanical coupling of the circumferential flange 105 to theskin area or, in the case of clothing reduce the gap, created by thelayer of clothing.

Optionally, the portion is the edge of the circumferential flange 105,namely the area which is extended away from the cup shaped cavity 103.Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 is placed so that in use, thelower part of the one or more layers of absorbing materials 106 is intouch with or in a close proximity to the skin area 201. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 2, the inner wire of the connected cable 301is used for carrying signals intended to and/or received from theemitting and/or receiving elements 101, for brevity referred to hereinas an EM element 101. Optionally, the EM element 101 is driven by acoaxial cable 301 whose inner wire and shield are connected to the EMelement 101. Optionally, only the inner conductor is connected to the EMelement 101. Optionally, the shield is connected and/or coupled to thecup shaped cavity 103.

The circumferential flange 105 conducts EM radiation originating fromthe cup shaped cavity 103 and/or from the interior volume 102 and/orfrom the skin area 201, facilitating its absorption in the layers ofabsorbing materials 106. Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 iscontinuous and annular. Optionally, the circumferential flange 105comprises a plurality of separate elements which form a non continuousand annular structure around the opening 110. Optionally, thecircumferential flange 105 is continuous and planar.

The circumferential flange 105 increases isolation of the interiorvolume 102 from interference signals from areas and/or layers that arein the periphery of the EM probe and are superficial, for example theskin layer or fat layer, rather than from internal body tissues and/ororgans that are of interest and are substantially in a region that is infront of the opening 110. The circumferential flange 105 effectuallyguides interference signals, such as close proximity parasitic EMradiation and/or currents traveling on the skin area 201, along theabsorbing material 106 so as to dissipate them. In such a mannerinterfering effects may be reduced or eliminated. The interferencesignals are the radiation and/or currents which may be from the EMelement 101, or from an area external to the EM probe, and travel alongthe body surface, for example on the skin 201 and/or via proximatesubdermal tissues, such as fat and/or organs in close proximity tocircumferential flange 105. The isolation of the interior volume 102from interference signals may reduce the noise caused by parasiticsignals originated from the EM transmission of the EM element 101 and/orfrom external interference signals which are not intercepted from thebody of the monitored user. The isolation of the interior volume 102also reduces the sensitivity to environment changes, such as handmovements or skin changes in proximity to the EM probe 100. In such amanner, for example, the effects of reflection signals originating fromhand or other movements in the proximity of the EM probe and/or skincontour changes may be reduced.

Optionally, the distance between the peripheral outer edge of thecircumferential flange 105 and the peripheral inner edge thereof isbetween 0.1 centimeters (cm) and 5 cm and/or a few wavelengths, forexample 0.3 cm. Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 is placed, atleast partly, inside the interior volume 102.

Optionally, the circumferential flange 105 is substantially rigid. Thelarger the surface area of the circumferential flange 105, the higher isthe isolation from interference signals. Since the isolationfunctionality of the circumferential flange 105 and the one or morelayers of absorbing materials 106 are more effective when attached tothe skin, optionally, at least some of the circumferential flange 105and the absorbing material 106 which covers it are flexible so as toincrease the surface area which is attached to the skin. Optionally, thecircumferential flange 105 is substantially flexible, for example madeof fiber based structures, flexible polymers, and/or a mesh having shapememory characteristics. This circumferential flange 105 may be bended inorder to curve according to the surface of the skin area 201.Optionally, part of the circumferential flange 105 is rigid and part offlange 105 is flexible. In this case the flexible and rigid parts may becoupled or galvanically connected, and each part is coated with theabsorbing material 106 separately or jointly. Optionally, the rigidportion is closer to the EM element 101 than the flexible portion, sothe nearest volume to the EM element 101 is fixated and possibly pressedagainst the skin to decrease possible geometrical changes, for exampleof the skin and fat in proximity to the EM element. Optionally, thecircumferential flange is jagged, zigzagged, curved, and/or bended alonga plane parallel to the opening 110, for example shown in numeral 401 ofFIG. 4. In such a manner, the path signals are passing along thecircumferential flange 105 is longer so that their absorption isincreased.

Some elements of the EM probe 100 are attached to the body of themonitored user, for example using adhesives, while others aredisconnected therefrom.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, thecircumferential flange 105 is set to enable an airtight interfacebetween the EM probe 100 and the skin area, enabling attachment by airpressure differences. For example, a sub millimeter layer of siliconmaterial is placed to cover the bottom side of the circumferentialflange 105 and to form the airtight interface when attached to a skinarea. The airtight interface may also increase the effectiveness of theisolation functionality of the circumferential flange 105 by improvingthe mechanical coupling of the circumferential flange 105 to the skinarea. Optionally, a pressure regulator is attached to the cup shapedcavity 103 so as to control the air pressure in the inner volume of thecup shaped cavity 103. In such a manner, the air pressure differencesmay be controlled by the user and/or a clinician attaching the EM probe100. In such an embodiment, the EM probe 100 is constructed to form anair gap above the opening 110. By reducing the air pressure in the gap,the attachment of the EM probe 100 to the skin area is formed. Forexample the gap created between the horizontal plane of the opening 110and a plane thereabove in the cup shaped cavity 103. The lower pressurecan be created by the pressure regulator, for example one or more oneway valves connected to one or more pumps such as rubber balls. Anotheroption is a mechanical lever that deforms the cup shaped cavity 103after the attachment thereof to the skin area, substantially pullingback the dielectric material away from the skin creating a low pressureair gap.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, thecircumferential flange 105 is a detachable element, set to be attachedto a skin area above the monitored intrabody volume of the patient. Insuch an embodiment, the circumferential flange 105 may remain attachedto the skin for durations of time in between different monitoring and/ordiagnosis sessions, assisting in placement of the EM probe in followingsessions. In addition, the ability to detach the cup shaped cavity 103and optionally the EM element 101 which is mounted therein, allows, forexample, cleaning the skin area between the sessions, replacing the cupshaped cavity 103 and/or the EM element 101 and/or repairing elements ofthe EM probe 100 without having to reposition or attach thecircumferential flange 105.

Reference is now made to the isolation of the cable 301. In use, theedge of cable 301, which connects to the EM element 101, is typicallyclose to the skin, parasitic EM radiation radiating from the skin area201 and/or escaping from the cup shaped cavity 103 and/or originatingfrom other sources may induce parasitic currents on the cable 301 thatintroduce noise. Optionally, a layer of an absorbing material 302, suchas the aforementioned absorbing material, coats the cable 301 inproximity to the external surface of the cup shaped cavity 103.Optionally, the coating is along a portion of the cable 301, startingfrom the area in close proximity to the cup shaped cavity 103. Thiscoating prevents from parasitic EM radiations which travel along theskin area 201 or passing through the air in proximity to the EM probe100 from substantially affecting currents conducted by the cable 301and/or substantially interfering with reception of the signals. Thiscoating also prevents currents conducted on the cable from substantiallyradiating back into the same or other EM probes and/or their cables.This leakage might interfere with the operation of receiving signalsfrom the monitored area in the body.

In some cases, a network of EM probes, each as shown at 100, is used forreceiving and/or capturing signals from the monitored area in the body.In such an embodiment, the sensitivity of this network is greatlydetermined by the effect of crosstalk interference between the EMprobes. Such crosstalk interference includes a reception of an EM signalthat is transmitted from the network EM probes and does not propagatethrough an intended path. This EM signal might propagate on the skin,through air, or through cables or electronics connecting the EM probes,rather than through internal body tissues and/or organs. The crosstalkinterference might interfere with the operation of the network and mayalso increase sensitivity to artifacts that are a result of bodymovements and changes in the surrounding. The aforementioned isolationisolates the EM probes from one another. Cables connecting the differentEM probes might carry some of the signals on their outer shield andtherefore should also be protected by the absorbing material asdescribed herein. Moreover, the cables may operate as antennastransferring radiation and inducing currents on proximate cables.Currents induced on the cable of a receiving EM probe by radiation froma cable of a transmitting EM probe may penetrate into the internalvolume of the receiving EM probe and therefore introduce noise. Thecrosstalk signal may be affected by movement of the cable or anyrespective movements between the cables increasing the overall noise inthe system.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, some of theinner walls of the cup shaped cavity 103 are covered by one or morelayers of absorbing materials, such as the aforementioned absorbingmaterials, for example as depicted by numeral 111 in FIG. 5. Optionally,the lateral walls of the cup shaped cavity 103 are covered with theaforementioned absorbing materials. Optionally, the lateral walls of thecup shaped cavity 103 and the circumferential flange 105 are coveredwith the aforementioned absorbing materials so that none of them touchesthe skin of the patient.

Optionally, all the inner walls of the cup shaped cavity 103 are coveredwith the aforementioned absorbing materials. Optionally only theportions of the inner walls which are closer to the opening 110 arecovered with the layers of absorbing materials 111. For example, FIG. 6depicts a cup shaped cavity which is shaped as a dome. Thecircumferential flange 105 is encircled and marked with numeral 105.Optionally, only the inner wall of the cup shaped cavity 103 which facesthe opening 110 remains uncovered by layers of absorbing material, forexample as shown at FIG. 5.

It should be noted that layers 104, 106, 111 and 302 employ an absorbingmaterial in proximity to conducting parts such as the cup shaped cavity103, the circumferential flange 105 and/or the connected cable 301 sothat parasitic EM signals and radiation traveling along these parts maybe dissipated. In such a manner, interference signals, which propagatein close proximity to the EM element 101, are absorbed in one or more ofthe layers 104, 106, 111 and 302. The interference signals may besignals originated from the EM element 101, signals entering theinterior volume 102 from the skin area 201, and/or straying signalswhich do not arrive from an intended path, i.e. parasitic signals.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the EM element101 is connected, via the cable 301, to a receiver and/or a transmitterwhich may be located in a different housing, for example in a mobile ora stationary unit, or within an element that is integrated with the EMprobe, externally to the cup shaped cavity 103.

Optionally one or more attachment elements, as defined below, are usedfor attaching the EM probe 100 to the monitored user so that the opening110 faces the skin area 201, for example as shown in FIGS. 1-4.

Reference is now also made to FIGS. 7A and 7B, which are schematicillustrations of an EM probe 150 having an EM element generating EMradiation, which is placed outside of the interior volume of the cupshaped cavity 103, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention. In such an embodiment, a conducting element, such as awaveguide, is used for conducting EM radiation, such as RF and/or MWwaves which are generated outside of the cup shaped cavity 103 andconducted into the interior volume thereof. At least the lower portionof the circumferential flange around the opening is covered with anabsorbing material 155, as described above. Optionally, also theexternal lower part of the cup shaped cavity 103 is covered with theabsorbing material 155.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a sectional schematicillustration of a wearable device 500 for monitoring a biologicaltissue(s), according to some embodiments of the present invention. Thewearable device 500 include a housing 499 which contains one or more ofthe EM probe 100 and one or more additional components for monitoring amonitored user, optionally ambulatory, and optionally for detecting oneor more physiological patterns according to a dielectric property, forexample as described in International patent application pub. No WO2010/100649, International patent application pub. No WO 2009/031150,and/or International patent application pub. No 2009/031149, which areincorporated herein by reference. The dielectric property is calculatedbased on the reading of the EM radiation captured by the EM element.Optionally, a transmitter 502 is used to generate a signal that istransmitted to the EM element 101 for transmission. Optionally, areceiver 503 is used to receive a signal that is received by the EMelement 101. Optionally, the processing unit 504 is a microprocessor orany other computing unit used to analyze the outputs of the receiver 503and/or to control the transmitter 502. The processing is optionallyperformed as described in International patent application pub. No WO2010/100649, International patent application pub. No WO 2009/031150,and/or International patent application pub. No 2009/031149, which areincorporated herein by reference. Optionally, the wearable device 500includes one or more attachment elements 505, such as straps, coatingsof adhesive. When straps are used, the wearable device 500 may be placedabove a cloth (i.e. shirt, pants). Adhesive elements, and bucklecomponents, for attaching the wearable monitoring apparatus 500 to thebody of a monitored user with the opening 110 facing a skin area (notshown). In another embodiment of the present invention, such attachmentelements 505 may be used for connecting only the EM probe 100 to theskin area. It should be noted that the components described in FIG. 8may be part of a stationary system in which only the EM probe 100 isattached to the body of the monitored user.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which is a sectional schematicillustration of a system 500 for monitoring a biological tissue(s) by ananalysis of passing through signals 903, according to some embodimentsof the present invention. Components 502-504 are as depicted in FIG. 8,however in these embodiments at least two EM probes 901, 902 are used.One EM probe 901 is used for transmitting EM radiation toward a bodyorgan or a number of body tissues and another EM probe 902 is used forreceiving the passing through EM radiation 903. Optionally, thetransmitting EM probe 901 is also set to receive reflections of the EMradiation from the body part. Optionally, the EM probe 902 is also setto transmit EM radiation toward the body part. Each one of the EMradiation EM probes 901, 902 may be defined as any of the aforementionedembodiments. In such an embodiment the intended path can be, forexample, the path passing from EM probe 902 to EM probe 901. Theisolation properties as described in the aforementioned may serve tominimize interference to the reception of EM radiation from this path.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10A, which is a sectional schematicillustration of a printed circuit board (PCB) EM probe 600 having afabricated cup shaped cavity 601 and to FIG. 10B which is a threedimensional schematic illustration of this PCB EM probe 600, accordingto some embodiments of the present invention. The PCB EM probe 600 iscreated by a number of layers. As shown at 602, a layer of absorbentmaterial, such as Eccosorb® MCS, is placed above a layer of conductivematerial 603, such as a metal layer. A stratified layer 620 below theconductive material 603 is constructed. The stratified layer 620includes lateral walls 604, which are formed around a dielectricsubstance 608 having a relatively high dielectric coefficient, forexample about 10, such as Rogers R3010, for example as described above.A conducting element 606, such as a wire, is placed in the dielectricsubstance 608, optionally in parallel to the layer of conductivematerial 603, and is extended outside the PCB EM probe through thelateral walls with no electrical connection to them. Another electricalconnection (not shown) is possibly made and extended to the outside ofthe PCB EM probe, in a similar manner to the EM element 615 or to thefabricated cup shaped cavity. This allows connecting an EM element 615,such as an antenna thereto. In such a manner, an internal volume isformed contained within the reflecting walls 604 and the layer ofconductive material 603.

According to some embodiment of the present invention the PCB EM probe600 may be created by fabricating and bonding 4 layers, usingfabrication techniques. For example, each layer is fabricated from a“blank PCB” made of a bonded metal, for example copper, and a substratesuch as Rogers R3010. The metal on the “blank PCBs” are etched away andthe layers are then bonded together. The layers in such an embodimentcan be comprised of the following layers:

1) a first layer the top of the formed cup shaped cavity and underneathit a substrate,

2) a second layer an additional substrate and underneath an etchedantenna and one or more conducting wires feeding it,

3) a third layer—an additional substrate and underneath it an etchedperipheral circumferential flange, and

4) a fourth layer—a bare substrate layer with no metal.

These 4 layers are bonded together where the first layer is the topmostlayer and fourth layer is the bottom layer. Optionally, the lateralwall(s) 604 are made by drilling dense via holes and filling them with aconductive material. Such dense via holes, optionally with metalconnecting among them in each horizontal layer, may function as a metalplate for wavelengths greater than the distance between each pair ofdense via holes. When such via holes are drilled in said substrate somedielectric material may remain effectively outside the cup shaped cavitydue to fabrication limitations, for example 612 as in FIG. 10A.Optionally, the four layers are sized and shaped as in FIG. 10B.Optionally, a shaped absorbing material is bonded on the top of thecreated PCB EM probe and on the bottom side of the flange. Electroniccircuitry like amplifiers, transformers, filters, receivers andtransmitters, data collector and/or communication modules may beconstructed between each pair of layers. For example, additional layerscan be added on top of the cup and use the conductive upper part of thecap as a ground plane. This electronic circuitry can then be put insidean additional cavity. Various embodiments and aspects of the presentinvention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims sectionbelow find experimental support in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with theabove descriptions, illustrate some embodiments of the invention in anon limiting fashion.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C, which are images ofrespectively, surface current density in an EM probe without a layer ofabsorbing material and a surface current density in an EM probe with alayer of absorbing material covering both sides of a circumferentialflange as well as covering a cup shaped cavity, and a current density inan EM probe with a layer of absorbing material covering the bottom sideonly of a circumferential flange, according to some embodiments of thepresent invention. Reference is also made to FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C,which are images of, respectively, H-field distribution in an EM probewithout a layer of absorbing material and a H-field distribution in anEM probe with a layer of absorbing material covering both sides of acircumferential flange as well as covering a cup shaped cavity, and anH-field distribution in an EM probe with a layer of absorbing materialcovering the bottom side only of a circumferential flange, according tosome embodiments of the present invention. Reference is also made toFIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C, which are images of, respectively, E-fielddistribution in an EM probe without a layer of absorbing material,E-field distribution in an EM probe with a layer of absorbing materialcovering both sides of a circumferential flange as well as covering acup shaped cavity, and an E-field distribution in an EM probe with alayer of absorbing material covering the bottom side only of acircumferential flange, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention. FIGS. 11-13 depict a simulation of an EM probe having anantenna mounted in an inner volume of a cup shape cavity. The antennaradiates RF radiation in a frequency belonging to band of about 0.4 Ghzor 0.9 Ghz or 2.4 Ghz or 5.6 Ghz or belonging to a UWB band, for examplein 3-6 Ghz band, or another frequency or band in the UHF band. The sizesof the cup shape cavity is optionally of a square shape of dimensionabout 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17 or 20 centimeters and the antenna is sizedto spanning 20, 30, 50, 80, 90, or 95% of the width of the cavity. Asdepicted by these figures, the layer of absorbing material isolates theradiated area and limits it to the inner volume of the EM probe.

It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from thisapplication many relevant devices and methods will be developed and thescope of the term transducer, cavity, absorbing material, and controlleris intended to include all such new technologies a priori.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having”and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. This termencompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

The phrase “consisting essentially of” means that the composition ormethod may include additional ingredients and/or steps, but only if theadditional ingredients and/or steps do not materially alter the basicand novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method.

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a pluralityof compounds, including mixtures thereof.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance or illustration”. Any embodiment described as “exemplary” isnot necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments and/or to exclude the incorporation of features from otherembodiments.

The word “optionally” is used herein to mean “is provided in someembodiments and not provided in other embodiments”. Any particularembodiment of the invention may include a plurality of “optional”features unless such features conflict.

Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention maybe presented in a range format. It should be understood that thedescription in range format is merely for convenience and brevity andshould not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be consideredto have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well asindividual numerical values within that range. For example, descriptionof a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specificallydisclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numberswithin that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This appliesregardless of the breadth of the range.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to includeany cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range.The phrases “ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and asecond indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number“to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and aremeant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all thefractional and integral numerals therebetween.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other describedembodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the contextof various embodiments are not to be considered essential features ofthose embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without thoseelements.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modificationsand variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scopeof the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated in their entirety by referenceinto the specification, to the same extent as if each individualpublication, patent or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Inaddition, citation or identification of any reference in thisapplication shall not be construed as an admission that such referenceis available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent thatsection headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarilylimiting.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electromagnetic (EM) probe for at least one ofemitting EM radiation toward at least one biological tissue andcapturing EM radiation from the at least one biological tissue,comprising: a cup shaped cavity having an opening and an interiorvolume; a circumferential flange comprising a conductive material andformed substantially around said cup shaped cavity, in proximity to saidopening; at least one layer of a material, for absorbing electromagneticradiation, applied over at least one of a portion of saidcircumferential flange and a portion of the outer surface of said cupshaped cavity; and at least one EM radiation element which performs atleast one of emitting and capturing EM radiation via said interiorvolume; wherein said at least one EM radiation element is located: (1)in said interior volume, or (2) outside of said interior volume andconnected by at least one waveguide or at least one cable to said cupshaped cavity.
 2. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said at least onelayer covers at least an edge of a bottom surface of saidcircumferential flange.
 3. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein a portion ofsaid at least one layer covers at least 25% of a bottom surface of saidcircumferential flange.
 4. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein at leastpart of said circumferential flange is detachably connected to said cupshaped cavity.
 5. The EM probe of claim 4, wherein said circumferentialflange is adapted to be affixed to a monitored user so as to allowdetachably connecting said cup shaped cavity thereto, in a manner thatsaid opening faces a skin area of said monitored user.
 6. The EM probeof claim 1, wherein said circumferential flange and cup shaped cavityare a single unit.
 7. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said at least onelayer is located over at least one of a bottom side of saidcircumferential flange and a top side of said circumferential flange. 8.The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said circumferential flange is noncontinuous.
 9. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said circumferentialflange is at least partly flexible.
 10. The EM probe of claim 1, whereinsaid circumferential flange is at least partly rigid.
 11. The EM probeof claim 1, wherein said circumferential flange is zigzagged along aplane parallel to said opening.
 12. The EM probe of claim 1, furthercomprising a processing unit, electrically connected to said at leastone EM radiation element, adapted for monitoring a biological tissueaccording to said EM radiation.
 13. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein thedistance between a peripheral outer edge of said circumferential flangeand peripheral inner edge of said circumferential flange is at least 0.3centimeters.
 14. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said cup shaped cavityhaving a structure shape selected from a group consisting of: a box, acube, a dome, a cone, and a pyramid.
 15. The EM probe of claim 1,wherein said interior volume is filled with a dielectric substance. 16.The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said cup shaped cavity and said atleast one EM radiation element are parts of layers of a printed circuitboard (PCB).
 17. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said at least one EMradiation element is adapted to emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation. 18.The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said circumferential flange is a noncircular circumferential flange.
 19. The EM probe of claim 1, whereinsaid circumferential flange is at least partly inside said cup shapedcavity.
 20. The EM probe of claim 1, wherein said EM probe is sized andshaped to be placed between tissues.
 21. The EM probe of claim 1,wherein said at least one EM radiation element is adapted to emitmicrowave (MW) radiation.
 22. A method for at least one of emittingelectromagnetic (EM) radiation toward at least one biological tissue andcapturing EM radiation from the at least one biological tissue,comprising: providing a probe having a cup shaped cavity having anopening and an interior volume, a circumferential flange comprising aconductive material and formed substantially around said cup shapedcavity, in proximity to said opening, at least one layer of a material,for absorbing EM radiation, applied over at least one of a portion ofsaid circumferential flange and a portion of the outer surface of saidcup shaped cavity, and at least one EM radiation element which performsat least one of emitting and capturing EM radiation via said interiorvolume; attaching said probe to a monitored user in a manner that saidopening faces a skin area of said monitored user; and using said probefor at least one of: emitting at least some of said EM radiation towarda tissue of said monitored user, and capturing at least some of said EMradiation from said tissue.